The downstream oil and gas segment includes complex and diverse activities including manufacturing, petrochemical refining, distribution, and retail. There is a growing demand for petrochemical products, especially in developing economies. This is driven by increasing consumption of plastics and other materials. Downstream and petrochemical plants play a crucial role in the global energy and manufacturing sectors. While facing significant challenges such as regulatory pressures and sustainability issues, the industry is adapting through technological advancements and a shift towards more environmentally friendly practices. Understanding the dynamics of these sectors is essential for navigating the future landscape of global energy and manufacturing​.